![]() Notably, while analysts often use fractional building occupancy trends to simulate building energy performance, this study highlights the importance of accounting accurately for both the temporal and spatial variation of vacancy events throughout a building. The findings provide novel insight about how to improve field evaluations and refine model assumptions to better predict the impact of occupancy-responsive thermostat controls. We analyzed these observations in relation to occupancy patterns, room temperature records, ambient conditions, and equipment run time. However, for non-academic periods when the residence halls were sparsely populated, the scheme reduced cooling energy consumption by 20–30%. While a standard practice energy model developed prior to the retrofit estimated 10–25% savings for cooling and 20–50% savings for heating, measurements reveal that the control scheme only reduced energy consumption by 0–9% for cooling, and by 5–8% for heating for normal operation during academic periods. In this article we present results from a carefully controlled field evaluation of occupancy-responsive learning thermostats installed in every bedroom of three high-rise university residence halls. However, previous field evaluations and simulation studies appear to have overestimated the energy savings associated with this type of smart control. If occupancy is measured, predicted, or otherwise inferred, building controls can automatically adjust system operating parameters to use less energy without sacrificing user services. Drag the image to the desired position.Occupant presence and behavior can and should influence energy use in buildings. ![]() To change the position of an image while leaving its size unchanged, click the image and keep the mouse button pressed. When you release the button, the image is scaled according to your changes. Now click any of its handles, keep the button pressed, and drag the handle until the dashed frame reaches the desired size. To change the size of an image, first click it to activate it. Then select ‘ Graphics…’ from the context menu to open a dialog in which to change various image settings, such as the wrap type and border style. When selected, an image has little square handles on its edges. In the document itself, select an image by clicking it. After confirming your choice, the inserted image is placed in the document at the cursor position. Such a preview may take some time in the case of larger images. If you check ‘ Preview’, the selected image is displayed in the right part of the dialog. This opens a dialog window in which to select the desired file. Alternatively, select ‘ Insert’ -> ‘ Graphics’ -> ‘ From File…’. ![]() Graphics can be inserted with the same vertical pop-up toolbar as tables, only you need to select its second button. This opens a dialog in which all the possible formatting properties are available for modification. Change details of the style easily by selecting it in the list, right-clicking, and selecting ‘ Modify…’ from the menu. Now, you can use the newly created style on other parts of the document. Enter a name for your style and click ‘ OK’. In the Stylist, click ‘ New Style from Selection’ (to the right of the bucket symbol). ![]() Use the ‘ Character…’ and ‘ Paragraph…’ items in the ‘ Format’ menu to achieve the desired results. Pressing Esc or clicking the paintbucket icon again turns off the function.Įasily create your own styles by formating a paragraph or a character as desired. Click the paragraphs to which to assign the style. To assign a style to a paragraph select the style to use and click the paintbucket icon in the Stylist. Define the format of paragraphs, pages, and frames for a style and select fonts and numbering methods. Using this method also makes it much easier to try different layouts with the document. Although not as intuitive, it is very efficient and fast if the formatting needs to be changed extensively and consistently. This approach has many advantages when creating larger documents (theses, books, and the like). Modifying a style automatically results in a formatting change of all the text to which it is assigned. The style itself can be modified quite easily. With this method, text is not formatted directly. This is only recommended for short documents. The assignment is static and can only be changed manually. Formatting properties are directly assigned to a text range and each property must be applied to each range by hand.
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